🔍 Key Concepts

• Behavior of a ship in ice – how trim (by the bow vs by the stern) affects how the hull rides up on or cuts into ice • Forefoot and bow shape – what happens if the bow is too deep vs too light in the water when meeting pack ice • Even keel vs trim – advantages and disadvantages of being level versus slightly trimmed when encountering resistance ahead

💭 Think About

• Think about whether you want the bow to ride up on top of the ice or to punch straight into it. Which trim condition best supports that behavior? • Consider what could happen to the forefoot and bottom plating if the ship is too deep by the head when it makes contact with thick ice. • Which option would reduce the risk of concentrated impact loads on the forward bottom structure while still giving you enough control and propulsion in ice?

✅ Before You Answer

• Compare how each trim condition (even keel, by the head, by the stern) changes the depth of the forefoot below the surface • Ask yourself which condition minimizes the chance of severe damage to the bow and bottom plating when first contacting ice • Verify which option would help the vessel ride up and break ice rather than becoming wedged or taking heavy bottom impacts