🔍 Key Concepts

• Shiphandling in ice – effects on rudder, propeller, and hull • Differences between ahead and astern movements in ice • How snow cover and speed on impact affect control and damage risk

💭 Think About

• Think about how the rudder actually works at very low speed in ice: what do you need over the rudder for it to respond, and what happens if you use hard over while backing in brash or shell ice? • Consider which engine command in ice is most dangerous to the propeller and rudder: is it always prohibited, or is it sometimes necessary but must be used carefully? • Ask yourself whether snow on top of ice makes passage easier or harder for the hull and your ability to see and judge the ice.

✅ Before You Answer

• Which option matches standard guidance about rudder position when backing in ice? • Which statement is too absolute ("never", "at any time") to be good seamanship guidance? • Which choice reflects the real concern about impact speed and hull/propeller damage, not just "assisting progress"?