🔍 Key Concepts

• Deep-draft VLCC behavior in shallow and confined waters (squat effect) • Difference between handling in deep water vs. narrow channels/canals • Relationship between speed, under-keel clearance, and steering/control

💭 Think About

• Think about what happens to the water flow under and around a very large, deeply loaded tanker when it moves faster in shallow or confined water. • Consider whether the ship’s effective draft (how “deep” it sits in the water underway) changes in a narrow channel compared with deep open water at the same speed. • Ask yourself: in restricted waters, does a big ship usually need more or less power to maintain speed, and does steering usually become easier or more challenging?

✅ Before You Answer

• Review the concept of squat: how speed and shallow/narrow waters affect a vessel’s effective draft. • Compare resistance to movement in deep water vs. confined/shallow water for a large tanker. • Check which options conflict with the known effects of increased resistance and reduced under-keel clearance in channels/canals.