🔍 Key Concepts

• Reciprocating pump operation at high speed and how pressure surges (water hammer) are affected • Purpose of cushioning valves/air chambers in a reciprocating pump system • Relationship between valve opening and the ability to absorb pulsations and pressure spikes

💭 Think About

• Think about what happens to liquid flow and pressure fluctuations as the pump speed increases—does the system need more or less cushioning? • Ask yourself: does restricting (closing) a cushioning valve increase or decrease its ability to absorb shock and smooth out pulsations? • Consider which valve position would best protect the pump and piping from damage when running at maximum speed.

✅ Before You Answer

• Be clear on the function of a cushioning valve in a reciprocating pump—what is it actually doing? • Visualize the effect of each option (wide open, 3/4, half, almost closed) on pressure surges and flow pulsations. • Check which setting would minimize risk of damage and provide the smoothest operation at maximum speed.