🔍 Key Concepts

• Lead-acid battery plate construction and how grids/active material are supported • Effects of sulfation, overheating, and deep discharge/overdischarge on plate structure • Difference between a single specific cause vs. multiple contributing causes of plate buckling

💭 Think About

• For each option (A, B, C), ask yourself: does this condition put mechanical or thermal stress on the plates that could deform (warp/buckle) them? • Which of these conditions changes the volume or structure of the active material/grid so that it can swell, crack, or distort the plate? • Is plate buckling usually associated with just one failure mode, or can several common abuse conditions lead to the same physical damage?

✅ Before You Answer

• For excessive sulfation, verify whether crystal buildup can expand and stress the plate structure. • For overheating, verify whether high temperature can soften or warp plates or their supports. • For overdischarging, verify whether deep cycling can loosen, shed, or distort active material, leading to mechanical deformation of plates.