🔍 Key Concepts

• Bunkering operations and how fuel oil is transferred into storage tanks • Effect of loading rate and back pressure when tanks are nearly full • Consequences of rapid valve operation and sudden stoppage of flow in piping systems

💭 Think About

• Think about what happens to pressure in the lines when fuel flow is suddenly stopped or restricted while pumping at a high rate. • Consider which practice gives the operator the best control over the flow as tanks become nearly full. • Ask yourself which option would be safest for the piping and tank structure when approaching the final ullage (space left in the tank).

✅ Before You Answer

• Which option prevents sudden pressure surges in the fuel lines? • Which option allows you to gradually decrease flow as tanks approach full without shocking the system? • Which option clearly increases the risk of overpressure or water hammer by making abrupt changes to the system?