🔍 Key Concepts

• Typical nominal cell voltage for a lead-acid battery • Difference between cell voltage and battery voltage (multiple cells in series) • How electrochemistry of lead and sulfuric acid affects voltage range

💭 Think About

• Think about the common voltage of a standard 12-volt lead-acid battery and divide it by the number of cells it contains. • Consider which option best matches a realistic average fully charged voltage, not an extreme maximum or a rounded number. • Ask yourself: which of these values is usually quoted in textbooks and datasheets for a single lead-acid cell?

✅ Before You Answer

• Verify how many cells are in a typical 12 V lead-acid battery. • Multiply each choice by that number of cells and see which product is closest to a realistic 12 V battery terminal voltage when fully charged. • Check the wording: average fully charged suggests a typical operating value, not the absolute peak or a discharged value.