🔍 Key Concepts

• Thermal expansion of liquids in a closed tank • How fuel temperature changes after transfer (e.g., warming in the tank room or from day to night) • Why tanks must not be completely full when receiving fuel oil

💭 Think About

• When a liquid in a closed tank gets warmer, what happens to its volume and the pressure in the tank? • Which property of the fuel will most directly affect how much its volume changes after it is in the tank? • Among the choices, which factor could change significantly between the start and end of the transfer, creating a risk of overflow if not considered?

✅ Before You Answer

• Verify which property most strongly affects change in volume after loading, not just how much you load. • Check which option relates to expansion margin/ullage, not handling or safety characteristics like flash point or viscosity. • Ask yourself: which factor would the engineer actually measure or note right before and during the bunkering operation to decide how much space to leave?