🔍 Key Concepts

• static electricity in petroleum cargoes and how it is generated • effects of movement, impact, and separation of liquids on electrical charge buildup • how multiple mechanisms can work simultaneously in a tank system (filling, piping, water in oil)

💭 Think About

• Think about every place in a cargo system where oil or water/oil mixtures are moving, splashing, or being forced through a restriction. Which of these could create friction or separation between liquids and surfaces? • In a real tanker operation, do operators worry about static electricity only during tank filling, only in pipelines, or also when water and oil mix? What does that suggest about how charges can build up? • If more than one listed process can generate static electricity, what kind of answer choice is most likely on a multiple‑choice safety question?

✅ Before You Answer

• For each individual option, ask: Can this create friction or separation between liquids and surfaces, leading to charge buildup? • Recall that electrostatic hazards are a major concern during loading, discharging, and stripping of petroleum cargoes—where do these activities occur in relation to the options listed? • Before choosing, verify whether more than one of the listed mechanisms is known to contribute to static charging in petroleum handling.