It is absolutely essential that hydronic heating system hot water piping be kept free of air. Assuming that a system is initially properly filled with water, what is the primary source of air contamination?
• Closed hydronic heating systems and how water is added or replaced • How air can enter a system that was initially filled correctly • The roles of makeup water, vents, and expansion tanks in a hot water system
• In a closed hot water system that starts completely full of water, under what normal operating condition would new water need to be added? • When new water is added to a system, what might that water naturally contain, even if no vents are left open? • Which of the listed components routinely connects the system water to an outside source that is not already air‑free?
• Identify which option involves a regular connection to an external water supply. • Ask yourself which path is most frequently used during normal operation, not during a fault or unusual event. • Consider which option would most likely introduce dissolved air rather than obvious air leaks.
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