🔍 Key Concepts

• turbulence vs smooth (laminar) flow in hydraulic systems • how turbulence affects pressure and energy in a moving fluid • the primary design goal of hydraulic piping (efficient power transmission)

💭 Think About

• When fluid becomes turbulent instead of flowing smoothly, what happens to its ability to carry pressure and power efficiently? • In a well‑designed hydraulic system, what are engineers mainly trying to avoid so the pump does not have to work harder for the same output? • Look at each choice: which effect is the most basic, direct consequence of turbulence that would then lead to many other problems?

✅ Before You Answer

• Identify which option describes a fundamental effect on the fluid itself, not a secondary consequence on components. • Ask which choice best matches what happens when flow becomes chaotic and swirling, instead of straight and smooth. • Verify which option is most directly related to reduced hydraulic efficiency in pipes and lines.