🔍 Key Concepts

• Coupling transformer behavior with a varying DC (DC level plus AC ripple) applied to the primary • How a transformer handles DC components vs AC components in its windings • The phase relationship between primary current waveform and secondary voltage waveform shown in figure E

💭 Think About

• Look closely at figure E: what part of the primary waveform appears on the secondary, and what part does NOT? • Compare the timing (left‑to‑right peaks and zero crossings) of the AC in the primary with the AC in the secondary. Do they rise and fall together, or are they inverted or shifted? • Ask yourself whether the illustration is emphasizing a change in waveform shape/centering or a change in magnitude of the secondary voltage.

✅ Before You Answer

• Verify that transformers cannot transfer a steady DC component from primary to secondary – only time‑varying (AC) components are coupled magnetically. • Confirm from the sketch in figure E whether the secondary AC waveform is aligned, inverted, or quarter‑cycle shifted relative to the AC part of the primary waveform. • Check if figure E labels or suggests any change in voltage magnitude/turns ratio, or if it mainly highlights the removal of the DC component from the output.