š Key Concepts
⢠Managerial control systems and why performance standards are needed
⢠Differences between tangible (quantifiable) and intangible (qualitative) measures
⢠How easily each type of standard (time, numerical, monetary, intangible) can be tracked and compared over time
š Think About
⢠For each option, ask yourself: Can this be directly counted, timed, or costed with hard numbers? Or does it rely on opinions, perceptions, or surveys?
⢠Which type of standard would create the most disagreement between employees and management about whether it has really been met?
⢠Which option would require more judgment, interpretation, or indirect indicators rather than simple records or instruments?
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Before You Answer
⢠Identify which choices are clearly quantitative (based on numbers you can measure with tools, clocks, or financial records).
⢠Identify which choice depends most on human perception, feelings, or attitudes rather than hard data.
⢠Consider which standard would be hardest to define precisely and to measure the same way every time.