If the cause of a sudden severe list or trim is negative initial stability, counter-flooding into empty tanks located high on the vessel, may cause which of the following?
• Initial stability (GM) and how a negative GM affects a vessel’s ability to return upright • The effect of adding weight high up on the center of gravity (G) and metacentric height (GM) • How righting arm (GZ) and righting moment change when G moves up or sideways
• Think about what happens to GM if you flood empty tanks that are located high on the vessel. Does GM get larger, smaller, or stay the same? • If GM becomes more negative, what does that do to the shape of the GZ curve and the vessel’s tendency to return to or move away from upright? • Which choice best matches the behavior of a vessel with worsened (more negative) initial stability after adding weight high?
• Verify whether flooding high tanks raises or lowers the center of gravity (G). • Check how a higher G (smaller or negative GM) affects the righting arm (GZ) and righting moment (W × GZ). • Match the physical behavior: would the vessel more likely move toward upright equilibrium, stay about the same, or roll further to one side when stability is further reduced?
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