🔍 Key Concepts

• True heading vs. magnetic/compass heading definitions • Difference between variation (earth’s magnetic field vs. true north) and deviation (ship’s magnetism vs. magnetic north) • Meaning of compass error as the total difference between true and compass headings

💭 Think About

• Start from true heading and think step‑by‑step about what must be applied to reach a standard magnetic compass heading: do you pass through variation first, deviation first, or the sum of both? • Ask yourself: is the standard magnetic compass heading measured from true north, magnetic north, or directly from the ship’s standard compass? • Consider which term (variation, deviation, compass error, latitude) actually represents the total difference between true and standard compass readings, not just one part of that difference.

✅ Before You Answer

• Be clear on the sequence: True → Magnetic → Compass and which corrections (variation/deviation) apply at each step. • Verify which option refers to the combined effect of both variation and deviation, not just one of them. • Confirm that neither latitude nor a single component (only variation or only deviation) by itself correctly describes the full difference between true heading and standard compass heading.