🔍 Key Concepts

• Ohm’s Law relationship between voltage, current, and resistance • How grid current (Ig) flowing through a grid leak resistor produces a voltage drop • Direction of current flow and whether the grid is negative or positive relative to the cathode

💭 Think About

• If a current of Ig flows through the grid leak resistor, what voltage is developed across that resistor using Ohm’s Law? • Given the direction of current and the function of bias, should the grid be more positive or more negative than the cathode? How does that affect the sign of the voltage you calculate? • Once you compute the magnitude of the voltage across the 5000-ohm grid leak, which of the answer choices matches that value (ignoring sign)?

✅ Before You Answer

• Be sure to apply Ohm’s Law: V = I × R using Ig and the grid leak resistance • Confirm units: convert mA to A before calculating voltage • Remember that in many vacuum tube circuits, grid bias is normally negative with respect to the cathode—think about how that relates to the numerical answer choices