🔍 Key Concepts

• Headway vs. sternway and how water flows past the rudder • How a rudder actually creates turning force (needs water flow) • Effect of having no way on (no movement through the water) on steering ability

💭 Think About

• Ask yourself: When does the rudder have the strongest effect – when the ship is moving ahead, moving astern, or stopped? • Think about how the propeller wash and the ship’s motion combine to push water over the rudder. • Consider what happens to steering control if the vessel is just drifting with engines stopped.

✅ Before You Answer

• Verify which condition gives steady, controlled water flow over the rudder. • Check which options involve the vessel actually moving through the water (not just turning the propeller). • Eliminate any option where there is little or no water flow past the rudder, since that means almost no steering control.