According to 46 CFR, Subchapter J (Electrical Engineering), a steering failure alarm system must give audible and visual indication of the failure of the steering gear when the actual rudder position differs from the ordered rudder angle by the follow-up control system by more than 5° within a certain time period for certain changes in ordered rudder position. What is the alarm point in seconds when the ordered rudder change is 35 degrees?
• 46 CFR Subchapter J steering failure alarm settings • Relationship between ordered rudder angle, allowed time lag, and alarm activation • How larger rudder angle changes affect the permitted time before alarm
• Compare each answer choice with what would be a reasonable time for a 35° rudder order before declaring a failure. • Think about how quickly steering gear normally moves the rudder and whether each time choice seems too short, reasonable, or excessively long for detecting a problem. • Ask yourself: should the alarm detect failure almost immediately, or is it intended to allow a long delay before warning the operator?
• Look up the exact steering failure alarm requirements in 46 CFR Subchapter J for the time allowed at a 35° ordered rudder change. • Confirm how many degrees of mismatch (difference) between ordered and actual rudder angle trigger the alarm (stated in the question). • Verify that the chosen time is consistent with safety needs: not so short that normal lag triggers it, and not so long that a real failure goes unnoticed.
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