🔍 Key Concepts

• Meaning of a charter party in commercial shipping • What a fixture represents in chartering negotiations • How a bill of lading and a conference agreement are used in liner trades

💭 Think About

• Ask yourself: which option is directly the result of negotiations between a shipowner and a charterer for use of a vessel? • Consider which documents or terms are mainly about carriage of goods on fixed liner services rather than about a negotiated one‑off charter of a ship. • Separate in your mind: which item records cargo details, which coordinates freight rates among lines, and which represents the concluded charter deal?

✅ Before You Answer

• Verify which choice is defined as an agreement between shipowner and charterer for employment of a vessel. • Check which document primarily functions as a receipt and document of title for cargo, not as a charter itself. • Confirm which term is used in practice to mean a charter contract that has been successfully negotiated (concluded).