🔍 Key Concepts

• Progressive discipline / grievance procedures aboard commercial vessels • Role of the immediate supervisor versus union/company structures • Difference between informal conflict resolution and formal grievance channels

💭 Think About

• Which option involves the fewest people and can happen the fastest after the dispute occurs? • On a well-run ship, who is expected to try to fix day-to-day problems before they become official paperwork? • Which choices jump straight to formal, documented processes, and which describe an informal attempt to talk things out first?

✅ Before You Answer

• Identify which options clearly mention a formal grievance process or outside bodies (union, port committee, arbitrator). • Look for the choice that keeps the issue on board and at the lowest level first, before escalating. • Ask: Which step would be used only after simple discussion between the people involved has failed?