🔍 Key Concepts

• Carson's Rule for estimating the bandwidth of an FM (frequency modulation) signal • Relationship between frequency deviation (Δf) and highest modulating frequency (fm) • Difference between deviation and modulating frequency and how both affect total bandwidth

💭 Think About

• What is the standard approximate formula (Carson’s Rule) used to calculate the total bandwidth of an FM signal, given the deviation and the highest modulating frequency? • Once you write that formula, substitute Δf = 5 kHz and fm = 3 kHz. What value do you get for the total bandwidth? • Compare your calculated bandwidth to the answer choices and see which one matches your result.

✅ Before You Answer

• Make sure you are using kHz for all values and not mixing units. • Confirm that the formula you use includes both the deviation and the highest modulating frequency. • Check that you apply the factor of 2 correctly in the bandwidth formula before matching with the choices.