🔍 Key Concepts

• Initial stability (GM) and how it is affected by the movement of liquids on board • The free surface effect of liquids in partially filled tanks • Difference between liquid flowing with the ship’s motion vs transverse side‑to‑side movement

💭 Think About

• Which situation allows the liquid’s center of gravity to shift the MOST as the ship heels? • How does transverse (side‑to‑side) liquid movement affect GM compared with fore‑and‑aft movement? • In which option is the liquid MOST "free" to move, instead of being trapped or pocketed?

✅ Before You Answer

• Identify which options involve partially filled (slack) tanks rather than completely full or empty tanks • Decide which tank/flow direction creates the largest free surface across the ship’s beam • Ask: In which case does the moving liquid cause the biggest rise in the ship’s center of gravity (G), thus reducing initial stability the most?