🔍 Key Concepts

• tender vs. stiff vessels in basic stability • how vertical center of gravity (KG) changes when weight is high vs. low • effect of double bottom tanks full or empty on overall stability

💭 Think About

• Ask yourself: does a tender vessel have a quick, snappy roll or a slow, easy roll? Which one is associated with a small metacentric height (GM)? • Which cargo arrangement will place the ship’s center of gravity higher up, making the vessel more easily inclined by small forces? • How does filling double bottoms with ballast or cargo affect the height of the center of gravity and thus whether the ship is tender or stiff?

✅ Before You Answer

• Recall that a tender vessel has a small GM and a high center of gravity (KG) • Check which options place more weight high and less weight low in the ship • Verify which choice would make the ship’s roll period longer and gentler, a sign of a tender ship